webfeel2

GIS-based Spatial Analysis for the

Geosciences: Geospatial Correlative

Integration

2.3 Application of GIS

Today, GIS is used not only in the geosciences but also in environmental, civil and urban, agricultural, forestry, business, military, government, and educational research and applications. There are no limitations in the use of GIS, and it is expanding into new areas. Here, we confine our focus to applications in the geosciences.

2.3.1 Geological Mapping

One of the most fundamental GIS applications is geologic mapping. In geologic mapping, it is often necessary to bring various existing geologic maps, often in different scales, to one uniform scale. This has traditionally been done using graph sheets or a reflecting projector, which is extremely time consuming as it requires the retracing of maps to the desired scale, often compromising quality. With the help of GIS, maps of any scale can be scanned, georeferenced, and reproduced at any scale and thereby brought to one scale. Additional information can be collected either by field investigation or remote sensing techniques to prepare a final updated geologic map. For example, the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, transformed published geologic maps at 1:250,000 and 1:50,000 scales from different sources to a single scale of 1:25,000. All of the maps were then compared, and a final composite map was prepared at a 1:25,000 scale. The final map was later updated using merged Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor (LISS) III and Panchromatic Sensor (PAN) imagery at the 1:25,000 scale and was supported by ground investigation.

A geologic map is a specialized map that displays the geologic features of an area. Different colors are used to show rock formations, canyons, valleys, plains, and other features of the area being mapped. Lines are used in these maps to convey characteristics of the land. These lines help in estimating the height of terrain structures. Height is displayed relative to sea level. The lines in geologic maps may be followed by a number indicating the incline of the structures.

Before the entry of GIS into the field of geologic mapping, it was very difficult to map any area with high precision. Numerous techniques, which involved multiple complex devices and thereby multiple calculations, were used to obtain precise data.

The following sections offer brief summaries of the specialized use of GIS in geologic mapping and how application of GIS to geologic mapping results in accurate measurements that are helpful in several fields. Figure 2-9 shows an example of a geologic map of an area in Nepal.

Figure 2-9. Geology map of Nepal (Upreti and Le Fort, 1999)

Geologic features are dependent on space and time, which a GIS is capable of defining. The signals from satellites allow the GIS to read information in terms of longitude, latitude, and elevation (compared to sea level). This information helps in determining all three of the planes that guide GIS tools in creating a three-dimensional (3-D) image of the area under survey, such as a geologic map (Figure 2-10).

Figure 2-10. 3D geological map (Jachens et al., 2001)

The satellite signals also include information about the time at which the satellite released its signals, clock redundancy of the transmitters in the satellites, and coefficients of error through the speed of the signal in space as well in the different layers of the atmosphere. On the basis of these four factors, surveyors can create accurate geologic maps of the area under survey.

Although old geologic methods (based on multivariate statistics) are still in use in some countries, GIS is now the most preferred method because it is cost-effective and offers more accurate data, thereby easing the scaling process when studying geologic maps. GIS helps in the scanning, referencing, and reproduction of older maps at any desired scale. Using GIS, several archeological geologic maps (having different scales) were combined into a single map (with single scaling) with even more accuracy. Thus, the valuable time of scientists, engineers, and researchers who needed to study the area was saved.

2.3.2 Groundwater

GIS can be used for multiple applications related to the occurrence and movement of groundwater. One of the main benefits of using GIS with groundwater modeling programs is that simulation results can be displayed geo-referenced, allowing further analysis and display of topological relationships between the model and other spatial features.

Groundwater is a dynamic system formed by combinations and interactions of various factors, including weather, hydrology, surface topography, and geologic characteristics (Park et al., 2000). To understand aquifer productivity and composite mechanisms in groundwater systems, the physical characteristics of the related factors that configure the system should be identified. Without field surveys it is not possible to directly understand the distribution of groundwater using remote sensing and GIS technologies; however, groundwater potential can be inferred from surface attributes such as geology, soil texture, land use, and drainage systems (Todd, 1980; Jha and Peiffer, 2006).

GIS and remote sensing technologies have great potential for use in groundwater analyses. Many studies have applied these techniques along with thematic layers such as those representing the geomorphology, drainage patterns, lineaments, lithology, and soils (e.g., Jaiswal et al., 2003; Solomon and Quiel, 2006; Kim et al., 2010; Jasmin and Mallikarjuna, 2011).

Some studies have used personal judgments or local information to assign weights to different thematic layers and their features (Madrucci et al., 2008; Pradhan, 2009; Yeh et al., 2009; Dar et al., 2010; Saud, 2010; Singh et al., 2011). Other studies have applied probabilistic models, such as frequency ratio and weight of evidence models, for groundwater potential mapping (Corsini et al., 2009; Oh et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2012b). Oh et al. (2011) and Lee et al. (2012b) applied frequency ratio and weight of evidence models for groundwater potential mapping and sensitivity analysis in the same area. More sophisticated assessments have used numerical modeling, decision trees, fuzzy logic, and analytic hierarchy process analysis (Srivastava and Bhattacharya, 2006; Vijay et al., 2007; Murthy and Mamo, 2009; Chenini and Mammou, 2010; Kiesel at al., 2010). Some researchers have also integrated GIS, remote sensing, and geophysical surveys to derive additional thematic layers of various parameters, such as resistivity, aquifer thickness, and fault maps (Israil et al., 2006; Srivastava and Bhattacharya, 2006; Ranganai and Ebinger, 2008; Kumar et al., 2009).

Several examples of the application of GIS and remote sensing technologies illustrate their usefulness in groundwater potential analyses. Figures 2-11 and 2-12 present thematic maps and the resulting map of a GIS-based model that considered local conditions/variations in mapping groundwater prospects in India (Jaiswal et al., 2003). In order to ensure "Health for All," the government of India has launched many programs to provide potable drinking water to every settlement in the country, including rural villages with no water source and those with water-quality problems. To reach this goal, groundwater resources and their location relative to settlements must be understood. Thus, GIS maps were generated by overlaying village boundary maps on the map of groundwater prospect zones.

Figure 2-11. Thematic maps prepared using remote sensing and conventional data: (a) geological map; (b) landforms map; (c) soil type map; (d) slope map; (e) drainage density map; and (f) land use/land cover map (Jaiswal et al., 2003)

Figure 2-12. Village-wise groundwater prospect zones (Jaiswal et al., 2003)

Saud (2010) presented a method for integrating the physical and anthropogenic factors governing groundwater storage in the Wadi Aurnah Basin of Saudi Arabia. The resulting map-format spatial data (Figure 2-13) indicated that 12–15% of the Wadi Aurnah Basin is suitable for groundwater storage and that this portion is concentrated mainly in the eastern, mountainous region (Figure 2-14).

(a) Classification of rainfall (b) Classified lithological units

(c) Lineaments map (d) Lineament density

(e) Slope (f) Drainage system map

(g) Drainage reach density

Figure 2-13. Spatial data in Wadi Aurnah Basin (Saud, 2010)

GIS-based Spatial Analysis for the Geosciences: Geospatial Correlative Integration

http://www.cyworld.com/ruo91/3203221

godev2 예제 :

svnadmin create --fs-type fsfs /app/svn/i815

안녕하세요? 네이버 OpenAPI 담당자 입니다.

PHP를 이용하는 경우 주소 뒤에 붙게 되는 인수의 처리를 코드에 직접 삽입하는 경우가 많습니다.

10개 이내의 경우에 견딜만 하지만 10개가 넘어가기 시작하면 감당하기가 힘듭니다.

이 경우에는 http_build_query 함수와 $_GET 변수를 이용하면 도움이 됩니다.

예를 들어, 큰 love과 관련된 최신 이미지를 20개씩 검색하고 싶은 경우에 아래와 같은 URL 패턴을 만들게 됩니다.

http://openapi.naver.com/search?key=openapi&target=image&query=love&display=20&start=1&sort=date&filter=large

위 URL은 $_GET 변수에 배열로 저장되어 있습니다.

이것을 다시 URL로 만들고자 하는 경우에 http_build_query($_GET)을 사용하시면 기존의 URL 인수인 key=openapi&target=image&query=love&display=20&start=1&sort=date&filter=large 를 만들게 됩니다.

만약에 다음 페이지를 보고 싶은 경우에 어떻게 해야 할까요?

아래와 같은 방법을 사용하시면 편리하게 사용할 수 있습니다.

$params = $_GET;

$params['start'] += $images['display'];

$url_param = http_build_query($params);

display 되는 개수를 start 값에 더해주면 다음 페이지에 필요한 start 값을 알 수 있습니다.

그렇게 생성된 url_params를 이용하여 http://openapi.naver.com/search? 뒤에 붙여주면 되겠죠?

물론, 검색키는 항상 숨겨두셔야 하는 것! 잊지 마세요 :)

해당 함수는 PHP 5.1.2 버전 이상에서 사용할 수 있습니다.

php 설정에 따라서 & 형식으로 나오는 경우에는

php.ini 파일에서 arg_separator 를 변경하시거나,

ini_set('arg_separator.output', '&');을 수행 후 이용할 수 있습니다.

※ Python 에서는 urllib.urlencode() 함수를 이용하시면 됩니다.

[출처] [TIP] PHP의 URL 변수 관리 (네이버 OpenAPI 공식 카페) |작성자 openapi

DOWNLOAD :http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/tech/oci/instantclient/htdocs/winsoft.html

1. instantclient-basic  , instantclient-SQL*Plus , SDK 등 다운로드

2. 적당한 위에 압축 풀기

  C:\instantclient_10_2

3. tnsnames.ora 생성

  C:\instantclient_10_2\network\ 에 생성.

ORADB =
  (DESCRIPTION =
    (ADDRESS_LIST =
      (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = 211.42.87.150)(PORT = 1521))
    )
    (CONNECT_DATA =
      (SERVICE_NAME = NONGUP)
    )
  )

4. 환경변수 설정

* PATH  : C:\instantclient_10_2 추가.

* ORACLE_HOME : C:\instantclient_10_2 신규 추가.

* TNS_ADMIN : C:\instantclient_10_2\network 신규추가.

5. 레지스트리 추가

   KOREAN_KOREA.KO16KSC5601

   * 서버쪽 NLS_LANG 과 같게 셋팅.

app.tar 다른 시스템으로 카피 후

1.# useradd –M mysql 계정생성

2.# chown –R mysql /app/dbms/mysql

   # chgrp –R mysql /app/dbms/mysql

3.# chcon -t texrel_shlib_t /app/apache/modules/libphp5.so

4.# groupadd oinstall

   # groupadd dba

   # useradd –g oinstall -G dba oracle

   # passwd oracle

   # chown –R oracle.oinstall /app/dbms/oracle

5. /app/apache/bin/apachectl –t  확인 후 아파치 시작

   /app/apache/logs/error_log 파일 참고

  * chcon -t texrel_shlib_t /app/php5/lib/php/extensions/mysql.so

  * chcon -t texrel_shlib_t /app/php5/lib/php/extensions/oci8.so

  * chcon -t texrel_shlib_t /app/php5/lib/php/extensions/xmlrpc.so

  * chcon -t texrel_shlib_t /app/php5/lib/php/extensions/cubrid.so

  * chcon -t texrel_shlib_t /app/dbms/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libnnz10.so

  * chcon -t texrel_shlib_t /app/dbms/oracle/product/10.2.0/db_1/lib/libclntsh.so.10.1

6. scp –P 포트 root@192.168.0.xx;/etc/my.cnf /etc/   my.cnf 파일을 복사

scp 명령

scp –P 포트번호 aaa@aaa.com:/home/aaa/aaa.tar .

특정포트일 경우 –P 옵션사용

/home/aaa/aaa.tar 파일은 로컬의 현재(.)디렉토리에 저장.

1. 현재 디렉토리( . ) 이하에 확장자가 .html( -name "*.html" ) 인 파일만 ( -type -f )

   • find . -name "*.html" -type f -ls

2. 파일 크기

   • 파일 크기가 300KB 이상( -size +300k )인 파일만 (호스팅되는 홈피내에 큰 사이트의 파일이 있는지 찾을 때 유용)
     find . -size +300k -ls
   • 파일 크기가 500bytes 이하( -size -500c )인 파일만 
     find . -size -500c -ls

3. 수정일

   • 수정한지 20일 이상( -mtime +20 )된 파일과 디렉토리
     find . -mtime +20 -ls
   • 수정한지 20일 이상된 파일만
     find . -mtime +20 -type f -ls
   • 수정한지 20일 이상된 파일만 삭제 ( -exec rm {} \; ) (정기적으로 20일이 지난 파일을 삭제할 때 유용)
     find . -mtime +20 -type f -ls -exec rm {} \;
   • 수정한지 3일 이내( -mtime -3 )의 파일만 (백업할 때 유용)
     find . -mtime -3 -type f -ls
   • 수정한지 30분 이내( -mmin -30 )의 파일만
     find . -mmin -30 -type f -ls

4. 퍼미션 및 파일 소유

   • 파일시스템 전체( / )에서 SUID/SGID가 설정된 모든 파일 목록을 얻음
     find / -type f \( -perm -04000 -o -perm -02000 \) -ls
   • 소유자가 없는 파일 목록을 얻음 (사용자는 이미 삭제했는데, 파일이 남은 경우)
     find / -nouser -o -nogroup

5. 출력 형식 지정

   • 출력 형식을 printf로 만들어서 (출력 결과를 다른 프로그램에서 받아서 쓸 때 유용)
     %h = 경로, %f = 파일명, %k = KB, %s = Bytes
   • 형식 : <경로/파일명> <파일크기KB>
     find . -printf "%h/%f \t %kKB \n"
     ... 생략 ...
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/pcx.gif      4KB
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/ra.gif       4KB
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/sound.gif    4KB
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/text.gif     4KB
   • 형식 : <경로/파일명> <파일크기Bytes>
     find . -printf "%h/%f \t %sKB \n"
     ... 생략 ...
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/movie.gif    912Bytes
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/mp3.gif      958Bytes
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/pcx.gif      897Bytes
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/ra.gif       903Bytes
     ./public_html/phps/icon/type/sound.gif    932Bytes

6. 홈페이지 포팅할 때 퍼미션 안 맞는 경우 유용한 것

   • 확장자가 .htm* .gif, .js, .css 인 것만 퍼미션을 644(rw-r--r--)로
     find . -name "*.htm*" -o -name "*.gif" -o -name "*.js" -o -name "*.css" -exec chmod 644 {} \;
   • 파일은 퍼미션을 644로
     find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
   • 디렉토리는 퍼미션을 701로
     find . -type d -exec chmod 701 {} \;
   • 하위의 모든 퍼미션을 바꾸지 않고 depth를 지정하여 제한을 둘 때
     옵션 : -maxdepth 숫자  (1=현재디렉토리만, 2=현재디렉토리 포함하여 한단계 하위디렉토리까지만)
     find . -maxdepth 1 -type d -exec chmod 701 {} \;
     ※ -maxdepth는 -type나 -perm 등의 조건연산자가 아닌 옵션이다. 따라서 조건연산자보다 먼저 사용해야한다. (다른 명령처럼 옵션을 먼저쓰는 것으로 이해하면 됨)
     find . -type -d -maxdepth 1 과 같이 사용하는 것은 옳지 않다.

   출처 : http://sukhoi.springnote.com/pages/1712582

   [출처]

   [linux] find 사용 예|작성자 jin

aix 5.3

export PHP_PREFIX="/web/app/php5"

$PHP_PREFIX/bin/phpize

./configure --enable-eaccelerator=shared \

--with-eaccelerator-userid=root \  <=== 에러발생하여 추가한부분

--with-php-config=$PHP_PREFIX/bin/php-config

make

make install

/web/app/php5/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613

eaccelerator.so 파일 확인

php.ini 에 

========================================================================

extension=eaccelerator.so

zend_extension="/web/app/php5/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-20060613/eaccelerator.so" <-- Linux인 경우만 추가. 설치경로와 맞게 지정
eaccelerator.shm_size="16"
eaccelerator.cache_dir="/var/tmp/eaccelerator"
eaccelerator.enable="1"
eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
eaccelerator.debug="0"
eaccelerator.filter=""
eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
eaccelerator.shm_ttl="0"
eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="0"
eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
eaccelerator.compress="1"
eaccelerator.compress_level="9"

mkdir /htdoc/cache

chown nobody cache

chmod 0700 cache

참고문서 : http://eaccelerator.net/wiki/InstallFromSource

설치파일 : http://sourceforge.net/projects/eaccelerator/